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Journal of Logic and Computation 1996 6(6):779-798; doi:10.1093/logcom/6.6.779
© 1996 by Oxford University Press
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Original Articles

On Winning Strategies with Unary Quantifiers

JUHA NURMONEN

Department of Mathematics P.O. Box 4 (Yliopistonkatu 5) 00014 University of Helsinki Finland E-mail: juha.nurmonen{at}helsinki.fi

A combinatorial argument for two finite structures to agree on all sentences with bounded quantifier rank in first-order logic with any set of unary generalized quantifiers is given. It is known that connectivity of finite structures is neither in monadic {Sigma}11 nor in ww (Qu), where Qu is the set of all unary generalized quantifiers. Using this combinatorial argument and a combination of second-order Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé games developed by Ajtai and Fagin, we prove that connectivity of finite structures is not in monadic {sigma}11 with any set of unary quantifiers even if sentences are allowed to contain built-in relations of moderate degree. The combinatorial argument is also used to show that no class (if it is not in some sense trivial) of finite graphs defined by forbidden minors is in ww(Qu). In particular, the class of planar graphs is not in ww(Qu)

Keywords: Ehrenfeucht-Fraissé games; finite model theory; forbidden minors; generalized quantifiers; monadic {Sigma}11


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